Freud’s Model of the Human Mind Essay

Nowadays, it is no doubt that human beings are suffering from depression and pressure in daily lives. However, most of the people are not aware of it. Psychologists have been focusing on how these repressed, and subconscious emotions play an active role throughout life since the early twentieth century. The ‘Father of Psychology’, Sigmund Freud, theorized a system of categorizing individual’s mental life into three parts: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id is the primitive part of a personality that respond directly to the human instinct; the ego is the decision-making component, and it develops to satisfy between the lust of the id and the external world; the superego is the preconscious part of the personality that deals with moral judgment. Many authors have incorporated this theory into their works by means of the characters. The novel Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, tells a story about the end of the innocence and the beginning of the savagery t hat a group of British children left stranded on a beautiful island after a plane crash, and they were immersed in freedom until the human nature took over. Golding utilizes Jack, Ralph, and Piggy who are the primary characters to interpret Freud’s concepts of this three types of human personality, respectively. First of all, Jack is the best concerned with the personality suggested by id. He represents the dark side of human nature, and he displays the id mentality through his violent actions. He had tried to maintain civilized before he started hunting. However, it does not remain constant. It fades soon while he is driven by his desires. The dictator becomes dominant in his personality. Following his desires, every time the first thing that comes to his mind is always to kill or hurt others. While Jack and his boys are managing to kill a wild boar, they begin dancing and saying, â€Å"[k]ill the pig. Cut her throat. Bash her in† (Golding 79). This chart indicates the unit desires among them and it also becomes a symbol of their savagery. It is obviously not a primary need but only meant for fun and pleasure. They are now driven by the innate desire for destruction. Furthermore, according to the ‘pleasure principle’, it seeks to avoid pain and unpleasantness in order to satisfy one’s biological and psychological needs. It is not bad enough to have desires but to act upon it. Jack does so to a mother sow, â€Å"Jack [is] on top of the sow, stabbing downward with his knife†¦the spear move[s] forward inch by inch and the terrified squealing [becomes] a high-pitched scream. Then Jack [finds] the throat and the hot blood spout[s] over his hands† (Golding 149). The imagery and action indicate that Jack does things without thought of any consequences, only for his own impulsive desires. Like the id aims to take over the thought in one’s mind without determining the needs of others rather than reality and morality. Secondly, Golding portrays Ralph as an embodiment of ego that makes sure to satisfy all the needs and wants of the id in a way that seems proper in today’s world, which means that ego not only interacts with conscious but also the unconscious mind. Ralph is the chief and one of the most influential boys in this little society. He constantly acts as a democratic leader that balancing between the id and superego. For instance, realizing Jack’s desire of being the chief, Ralph gives him control of the hunting team, â€Å"Ralph look[s] at him, eager to offer something. ‘The choir belongs to you, of course.’†¦The suffusion drained away from Jack’s face† (Golding 19). He cares about others’ feelings and does something realistic that is allowed by the society. At the same time, he fulfills Jack’s desire to be a leader to a certain extent. This reasonable action, which is controlled by the ego, also satisfies the urges of id in a so cially accepted way. Moreover, Ralph has a strong sense of responsibility. While he is complaining to Piggy that the other boys do not care about the importance of the fire going, he makes a confession, â€Å" ‘[s]upposing I got to like the others—not caring. What ’up become of us’ † (Golding 153). He is more conscious of the society rather than himself. Ralph is a neutral leader as he identifies the savagery of it and the morality of superego in order to come up with a realistic situation for the public. Like the ego represents the rational aspect of the mind, and maintains peace and stability. To end with, Piggy personifies the concept of superego to carry out the instinctual moral good most of the times. Golding represents Piggy as being more logically and intellectually mature than the others. Acting as the voice of reason, the superego inside his personality moralizes him as a sympathetic and sensible boy and guides him to choose what is morally right. While Jack leads the boys to make noise and rush, â€Å"Ralph [is] left, holding the conch, with no one but Piggy† (Golding 37). As the mob is full of noise and movement, Piggy does not follow Jack in overexcitement, rather he keeps calm and stays with the chief. His superego dominates him to maintain civilization. He displays consistent attention to societal rulings and feels like structure is the most important thing to the boys. Whatsmore, Piggy is willing to contribute to the society. He is â€Å"so full of pride in his contribution to the good of society, that he helped to fetch wood† (Golding 142). The moral goodness and devoted nature of Piggy come from his instinct human nature. Like the superego meets the ethical standards by which the ego operates. In conclusion,

Messages

Messages are all around us, and they are able to change how successful we are in life. The messages you receive from your environment dicta the way you act. For example, a study using children and dolls show that messages are conveyed even in the early years of life. A different study showing how our appearance can have an affect on people. In the realistic fiction by Sherman Alexei, â€Å"The Absolutely True Dally of Part-Time Indian,† demonstrates how messages can affect us.The mall character,Junior, has always lived by the preconceived Idea that he was supposed to conform Like everyone else unfortunately, that message was always pushed onto him; and It affected the way he thought. If continued, his quality of life. He was always told that white people were above him. This affected how he saw them, he put them on a pedestal. This book shows that people are affected by their environment. The experiment conducted by CNN, The Doll Test, showed that messages even affect the youn g. It opens our eyes to how well messages invader brains.They presumed thing about the dolls just based on looks and no other evidence. White children have n overwhelming bias toward white, and that black children also have a bias toward white but not nearly as strong as the bias shown by the white children. These messages will eventually grow and affect how they Judge others. A study by freakishness discussed the question, â€Å"can you put a price on looks? † It shows how subconscious feminism/female entitlement is in our culture. Beautiful women have the most power with their looks.Also, the data in the study referred to how much extra income a male of a different skin color would need to make to be as appealing. There hidden messages in the subconscious of all our minds telling swath we want and don't want. This proves that messages are likely to change how successful we are in life. Messages are all around us, and they are able to change how successful we are In life. Ul timately, messages can effect our future success. Based on the assumptions of others we have different chances of success. Our environment, our development, and our phallic characteristics will effect how successful we are In life.Messages By dazed In the realistic fiction by Sherman Alexei, â€Å"The Absolutely True Dairy of Part-Time Indian,† demonstrates how messages can affect us. The main character, Junior, has always lived by the preconceived idea that he was supposed to conform like everyone else. Unfortunately, that message was always pushed onto him; and it affected the thing about the dolls Just based on looks and no other evidence. White children have we want and don't want. This proves that messages are likely to change how our physical characteristics will effect how successful we are in life.

BIS tut

Cost reduction Now opportunities to the It organization . It increases the brand value of the company 3 How did Softener benefit from introducing its green IT data centre? Answer Low entry cost to customer high efficiency Less operation cost Reduced the complexity due to single sources for all the hardware 4 What are the mall drivers that motivate organizations to adopt Green IT? What was the driver for it is echo friendly echo friendly . Cost reduction enhance the brand value of the company because people are after the renewable products .Government regulations such as carbon tax . 5 What was the approach used by Softener to adopt Green IT? Answer A multi-tiered ,multi -tenant storage platform . A secure , scalable and customer partitioned network layers , capable of incorporating high touch embedded services . Improved power usage effectiveness Hough low – power draw equipment and sophisticated rack cooling systems to circulate water The ability to remotely specify hardware requirements and provide access to their custom – designed solution within minutes Further Reading Read â€Å"Business Basics. UDF†, under â€Å"Additional Resources† label on Model, to provide you with a basic understanding of business. References: Balkan, Philips, Lynch & Blakely (2013), Business Driven Information Systems (Australian/New Zealand 2nd edition).

The Effects of Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Effects of Smoking - Essay Example However, what they do not know is the fact that this nicotine has various harmful effects on the body. There are many anatomical diseases related to the increased level of emotions. Smoking results in stunted and weak bones. It also leads to myocardial infarction among the smokers. This problem is not only common in old aged people, but this problem is also becoming more common in young people. It leads to heart attacks by lowering down the level of good cholesterol in human blood. It also makes blood arteries more rigid and hence leads to major heart diseases. In women also, smoking result in over and under production of certain hormones which results in severe chest pains and cardiovascular diseases. A recent survey showed that smoking causes cancer in 85% of the total population of smokers. Most common amongst the types of cancers caused by smoking is lung cancer, but other types of cancers are also prevalent in the smokers. It damages the DNA in lungs and other parts of the body making it increasingly difficult to cure this perilous disease. It is also found that smokers suffer from leukemia, stomach cancers, bladders and fatal damage to kidneys and pancreas. A doctor report recently stated that almost 30% of the cervical cancers are associated with smoking. Smoking also increases the acid secretion resulting in various other problems such as ulcers.

Shyness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Shyness - Essay Example Shyness reactions can occur at any or all of the following levels: cognitive, affective, physiological and behavioral, and may be triggered by a wide variety of arousal cues. Among the most typical are: authorities, one-on-one opposite sex interactions, intimacy, strangers, having to take individuating action in a group setting, and initiating social actions in unstructured, spontaneous behavioral settings. Metaphorically, shyness is a shrinking back from life that weakens the bonds of human connection. The percentage of adults in the United States reporting that they are chronically shy, such that it presents a problem in their lives, had been reported at 40%, plus or minus 3%, since the early 1970's. Recent research indicates that the percentage of self-reported shyness has escalated gradually in the last decade to nearly 50% (48.7% + /- 2%). The National Co-morbidity Survey in 1994 revealed a lifetime prevalence of social phobia of 13.3%, making it the third most prevalent psychiatric disorder. (Encyclopedia of Mental Health, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, SHYNESS, Lynne Henderson The Shyness Clinic, Portola Valley, California, Phillip Zimbardo, Stanford University, Stanford, California). In humans, shyness is the feeling of apprehension or lack of confidence experienced in regard to social association with others, e.g. being in proximity to, approaching and being approached by others. In zoology, shy generally means "tends to avoid human beings". Adolescence can be a challengin g time with youth experiencing biological, psychological, and social changes. Both normative stressors (such as moving from middle school to high school), as well as non-normative stressors (such as parental divorce) have been linked to an increased risk of such internalizing behaviors as depression and anxiety. The first thing to understand about shyness is that neither is it a symptom of cowardice or inferiority. Shyness has nothing to do with cowardice or inferiority, so no one should make the association, either consciously or unconsciously. As a part of the growing or adolescence comes the necessity of "showing performance", often this competition or the need to prove one's self starts at home among the siblings. If a boy of 13 to 16 years of age is very shy in nature and finds a problem in interacting with people as any other physically and mentally normal boy of his age would do with ease, a peep into his family frequently exposes a very dominating elder sibling. Other than t he sibling often very dominating, criticizing, discouraging and strict parental behavior also contributes immensely in forcing the child to withdraw and eventually become shy and afraid. As a result of this stress and of the fear of being judged and criticized, often the person is unable to unearth his/her own capabilities; they deprive themselves of the chance of doing something worthy. Even though they have the potential they lack the confidence to pull a job efficiently, they themselves become their worst critics. One of the most common and prominent reason among the others that lead adolescents to become shy and introvert, is the inhuman experience of any sort of physical and/or sexual abuse during their childhood. In their childhood children are often prey to these

Role of Economic Development in Reducing the Poverty Rate Essay

Role of Economic Development in Reducing the Poverty Rate - Essay Example This paper presents comprehensive analysis of interrelations between economic development and poverty The essay is aimed at attempting to argue that economic development is a solution towards eradicating poverty. Factors that determine economic development have been examined, factors that cause poverty have been analyzed. Through the GDP, scholars are able to determine the living standard of people occupying specific parts of the world. Thus, any notable increase in economic growth is seen as indicating an increase in standard of living to an average level. It is worth noting that the average living standards are mostly achieved through greater inequality and poverty. Similarly, a section of scholars have argued that economic activities could solely not be attached to bringing to an end poverty across the world. In fact, numerous countries struggling with their economic activities such as oil, tea, precious stones among other natural resources have been continually exploited by foreign countries leaving them with very little benefits for their people However, economic development does not only cause poverty as it has been used by numerous countries to upgrade their economic life. This has been visual through the accessibility of facilities such as water, schools, medical facilities electricity among others. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that economic development does not only cause poverty as it has been used by numerous countries to upgrade their economic life. ... As such, pressing challenges attached to economic development must be dealt with to pave way for curbing poverty. Theoretical framework The Theory of Economic Development The theory of economic development emanates from a scholar known as Schumpeter. According to the theory, it was evident that his view on economic development was based entirely on two types of research that had been carried out by Scholars: Walras and Marx. Although they were both dedicated towards coming up with solution based on the impact of economic development, they had varying reasons. Through Walras who was his great hero, this theory is said to embrace the actual logic on the interdependence between quantities in the economy. On the other hand, Marx argues that there must be vision based on economic evolution that acts as a pathway towards the generation of economic system (Rowe, 2009). In light of this, Schumpeter argues that both contributions have played a huge role in giving the economic development a gr ound as one is rigid and the other is dynamic. As such, he argues that the dynamics in any economic entails data changing by carrying out new combinations of the five cases of economic development. The five cases in economic development consist of new products, new production methods, and opening of new methods, new organization forms and new supply sources. The development of this theory by Schumpeter has greatly contributed towards economic development for over a century. Although the theory focuses more on the limitations of tackling poverty, it could be argued that there are more possibilities towards economic development been a solution to poverty

Bobcat Hospital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Bobcat Hospital - Essay Example Proper documentation, resource optimization and reduced complications lead to low cost and improve the billings. This ensures profits for the health care. Bobcat county hospital also has to ensure that it has all the necessary equipments used to treat the patients, so it has to invest in the machines. This is usually based on the amount of money that the hospital is able to raise. It will have to invest on the machines that they are able to afford depending on the revenue that it can raise. Having a good financial system enable them to calculate how much money can be saved for a long term investment. The hospital should have a vision and mission that motivates the patients and give them a feeling of getting better. The main objective of the hospital is to offer quality treatment (Cawsey et al, 2012). Doctors sand nurses should be well trained professional who are qualified and are able to deliver quality services to the patients. Each and every person at bobcat county hospital has go od work ethics. Doctors need to be in their places of work at the right time, this enable them to respond quickly to any emergency that occur. They should also be able to report to work during early hours of the morning if they are needed to do so. All these can be attained if all the information about the residential places, the contacts of the hospital workers is easily accessible. All the information about the capital of the hospital should be well kept. This enable the organization to know how much is spending. For the hospital to achieve its goals which is to offer quality services to the patients, it has to be up to date of how much money is available to buy the necessary things like medicine and gloves used by the doctors, food for patients and also equipments used in the hospitals. This can be achieved if the amount of revenue raised is more than the amount that is spend. Well kept information about the capital also enables easy scrutiny and accountability of the funds. A go od management of the information bout the patient is important in the service delivery. An electronic record about the patients gives the doctor easy access and this enable them to give easy treatment (Institute of Medicine (U.S.). (2000). This, also ensures that a lot of time is not wasted while trying to treat the patients and also saves time in the organization of task and activities in the hospital. A good management of information also gives details about all the professionals that attend to a patient and this enable them to interact and discus on how to give quality treatment to the patient. References Cawsey, T. F., Deszca, G., Ingols, C., & Cawsey, T. F. (2012). Organizational change: An action-oriented toolkit. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications. Institute of Medicine (U.S.). (2000). Protecting data privacy in health services research. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press. Part Two The purpose of Clinical Information System is to avail all relevant information, at a ll places, fast, easily, in clarity and concisely. The upgrade of the clinical information system is of great benefit to the hospital. It will ensure: Information about the Patients Is Easily Accessed This system is important to providing convenient access to all medical records available during the process of caring for the patient. This enhances continuity of

Edgewires Automated Phone System Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Edgewires Automated Phone System - Case Study Example They serve a niche market of vacationers who desire adventure in their holidays. Thus, call centre operators became immersed in and learned how to provide adventure seekers satisfying holiday experiences. Not only are such holidays off the beaten path but they typically require special equipment. Edgewire's operators coordinate with suppliers to fulfil all their customers' needs. Satisfaction of thrill-seeking customers is obviously healthy or else Edgewire couldn't have grown into a robust business if its operators delivered inferior adventures. Today's situation is that goals #1 and #2 have evolved into apparent conflict. In the interest of long-term stability, Edgewire's management firmly believe they must install an automated phone answering system. Doing so means replacing call centre operators. Management has calculated the savings by cutting back on labour costs. However, this goal of presumed long-term stability comes at the cost of jobs; yet providing jobs was a goal of the EU regeneration grant. Quite naturally the call centre operators are distressed and disagree. This Social Impact Statement (SIS) examines the issue in-depth. The goal is to find options that perhaps can be smartly used to satisfy all parties that are affected by Edgewire's conversion to an automated phone answering system. ... This SIS comes somewhat late. Edgewire management's decision is almost fait accompli. They are reluctant to discuss the inherent conflict-of-interest or negotiate the core issues. They stalled before acquiescing to the independent evaluation requested by the call centre operators' Trade Union. 1.1 The New System and Its High-Level Benefit - Reduce Costs 2,310,000 Yearly In addition to cost savings, two features of the proposed automated phone answering system are quite attractive. It will be a "decision support system" (DSS) as well as a "knowledge based system" (KBS). DSS tells call centre personnel specific decision information each customer already made about an adventure holiday and left on the automated phone system. KBS is a standardisation of holiday packages for customers who don't need special customising. Management believes these new ways to do business streamline operations and save labour costs, thus better ensuring Edgewire's long-term financial wellbeing and economic stability. Here are supporting data. Staffing Current Staff Current Cost Proposed - New Staffing Level Cost with New System Savings Call Centre operators 200 4 million 50 1.25 million 2.75 million System Update Officers -0- -0- 20 0.5 million -0.5million Line Managers 10 300,000 10 300,000 -0- Drop-in centre 3 60,000 -0- -0- 60,000 Totals 213 4,360,000 80 2,050,000 2,310,000 1.2 Stakeholders Stakeholders have not been apprised or consulted. Until now only Edgewire's management (primary stakeholder) has had input on decision making about the automated phone answering system. Nobody knows with certainty how Edgewire's customer base (another primary) will react. Management lacks 100% unity. Dissention exists. Anxieties are growing

Australian Financial Planning Business Research Paper

Australian Financial Planning Business - Research Paper Example Another asset that makes the site easy to access is a "quick find" blank that allows a quick link to the subject of choice. This blank remains at the top of the page so that it is easy to go back and forth quickly between different links and then return to the home page. Once the site is opened, login is not necessary, and there is no fee required. Four major subjects can be accessed either at the "quick link" blank or on the site itself-"About AMP," "Banking," "Financial Planning," and "Products." Each of these areas offers links to information about the area chosen. In addition, some of these links have additional links. For instance, under "About AMP," the "Our History" link gives a brief statement and offers a timeline link about the company from when it was started in 1849 until it became a public listed company in 2003. The "Financial Planning" section lists a phone number, email address, and a locator in addition to links for advice and help. For customers interested in information on retirement, there is a Frequently Asked Questions link as well as a link to the company's magazine called Connections. For customers who may want to sign in to the Web site and perhaps commit to choosing a program, there are Logins for BankNet, My Portfolio, AMP eSuper, and My Shareholder. Within these sites, a customer, or even a prospective customer, can login, watch a demo, or register. BankNet offers FAQ prior to registration, My Portfolio offers a demo, which moves quickly and doesn't allow time to study each phase, and a section is available for employees to choose a product for retirement. In addition, the link to calculators includes one for loans; another for retirement plans; one for credit cards, and one for tax cuts as of 2005, which shows a graph. In addition to links for news and features, the home page offers a link to the company's magazine called Connections and printable brochures and forms for insurance, investments, retirement income and superannuation. The search engine in the right hand upper corner of the site is an excellent source of information through AMP's magazine articl es and Web sites other than AMP, including government sites and the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). e) Language used in site (technical finance language, everyday language, technical language but defined in site) The immediate impression when entering the AMP site is simplicity and clear-cut language. At this point, the language is not technical and just offers choices for users depending on their interests. Because there are so many choices, users should have a good idea of where they want to go within the site. Rather than a detailed description of the company on the home page, which is often the case on other financial planning sites, AMP presents several headings leading into the site, with the most text appearing in the News and Features section. Even there, however, each paragraph is simple and short with a link offering "more." In the Popular Links section, technical langua

What is the future for Business Intelligence Explore developments in Essay

What is the future for Business Intelligence Explore developments in BI on organisations, Industry and society in general - Essay Example 244). It is also applicable in the determining the actions of business competitors and the impact of their action. The business intelligence growth is facilitate by the emergence of data warehouse in form of a repository, the increased performance of the soft and the hard wares and advance in the information cleaning approaches. It finds use mainly in industries (Negash, 2004, p.177) Business intelligence has dynamic advancement of its complexity over-time, just like the information technology. The dynamism of the business intelligence is induced by various factors. These factors include the advance in technology, business needs such as real time information and data. Some changes also unravel better alternatives of carrying out specific tasks. The future of business intelligence lies in four main areas (TuÃ… £Ã„Æ', Zara, Orzan, Purcarea, and Orzan, 2014, p. 1). There is constant need for the business intelligence to expand and develop to cope up with the future demands of the business. Key areas that influence the future of business intelligence include (Watson, 2009, p. 492). Scalability refers to the ability of a business intelligence system to handle more volumes and much complex information. The business intelligence of the future must be able to handle such ever increasing the information of the system. There is need of a business intelligent that support large number of concurrent users, has the capacity to handle more complicated queries and preserves information without degradation of its system. The scalablity of business is majorly influenced by the recent concurrent advancement in various hardware and sophisticated database software development that incapacitate the business intelligence system to handle large scale of information. As the future of the information management expands so is the scalability of the business intelligence system (Watson, 2009, p.492). There urgent need to make business intelligence pervasive in the all business

A Comparitive Analysis of Women and Men Heart Diesease Leading Factors Dissertation

A Comparitive Analysis of Women and Men Heart Diesease Leading Factors - Dissertation Example While this belief that there are different treatment regimes that should be utilized depending on the gender of the patient remains controversial, it is nonetheless important to understand this problem from the perspective of the female. In considering the issue of cardiac disease among women, existing knowledge of women today regarding heard disease was analyzed, as was their beliefs and attitudes towards the risk of heart disease. This has contributed to the identification of substantial gaps in information related specifically to heart disease and its effect on women in general. These facts are confirmed in this study and outlined in the pages herein. Chapter 1: One’s state of health is most truly a reflection of the individuals ability to meet life’s many challenges head on, all the while maintaining his or her capacity for continuing to function at a high level (World Health Organization, 2010). In considering the effects that ill health has a person’s abili ty to function properly and to live a productive life, it is important various factors and risks that are inherent in society. Consider cardiovascular disease (CVD). Heart disease certainly remains the most common cause of death amongst both women and men in the developed world. This is in spite of the multiple epidemiologic and interventional studies that do demonstrate significant declines in incidences and the prevalence of CVD amongst individuals that adhere to a healthy lifestyle, and who receive treatment for a variety of risk factors (World Health Organization, 2010). Cardiovascular disease is most certainly worthy of in-depth study. The disease itself, in females, claims more lives than cancer, chronic low respiratory diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, and accidents combined. This amounts to a staggering one death per minute from CVD, of approximately 422,000 female deaths annually (Roger, Go, & Lloyd-Jones, 2011). This makes heart disease, by far, the number killer of wo men in the United States (American Heart Association, 2011). While it is true that, at the age of 40, men have a 35% great likelihood of suffering from heart disease during the lifetime in comparison to women, the effects of the disease

Syrian Civil War Essay Example for Free

Syrian Civil War Essay The Syrian civil war is an armed conflict in Syria, which has began on 15 March 2011 with demonstrations and protests against Syrian president Bashar al- Assad, which evolved into an armed rebellion. By now Syrian war cost more than 55,000 lives and many people are still dying in this war. It is important to focus on ending of this war as soon as possible not only for good of Syria but also for the good of whole world. My opinion is that the main problem why this war still continues is because many countries are supporting their economy by sending new and new weapons into Syria, and these weapons don’t end only in hands of Syrian army but also in hands of rebels fighting against the government. I think that first think Syria should focus on in these days is to secure its weapon sites, containing dangerous chemical weapons also labeled as WMD’s (Weapons of Mass Destruction). These weapons became the point of interest of rebels, which are trying to take them and use not only against Syrian army, but also against any else country including the USA. Stated in Adam Clark Estes’s paragraph from The Atlantic Wire, it is scary enough to think of what the Assad regime could do with the several hundred tons of chemical weapons and horrifying to think of what terrorists would do. I think that president Assad should pay more attention to sites and military bases where are these weapons stored and secure them. According to Estes’s paragraph, â€Å"What we know, however, is that the United States and its European allies are working fast and hard to mobilize forces to protect those weapons and, hopefully, avert the unthank able.† He also says that there are also good news and uses retired general Adnan Silou’s quotation that â€Å"It’s unlikely that insurgents would know how to successfully detonate chemical munitions on their own.† I don’t really agree with this opinion, and I think that if rebels would steal the chemical weapons it would be only the question of time until they would find somebody who would arm them. Furthermore Silou says that â€Å"After the regime falls, anyone could take them.† And according to Estes’s paragraph that is the main reason why the United States is working with Israel, Jorda n and the NATO allies to get the troops to those sites as soon as possible. President Obama warned president Assad in BBC news that â€Å"The world is watching. The use of chemical weapons is and would be totally unacceptable.† The bad news according to Estes’s paragraph are simple. If the chemical weapons will be used, they won’t kill a few people, they kills thousands, and if the weapons will make it out Syria, that could mean thousands of Americans. According to CNN paragraph, Syrian government insists it would never use chemical weapons on its own people. But world leaders say Syria’s desperation could lead to even more tragedy in the war-torn country. I think that the main point of CNN’s paragraph is that many people can’t even imagine, how big danger these chemical weapons represent for humanity, and that’s why CNN is trying to â€Å"introduce† us some of the substances these weapons contain. According to CNN paragraph, military analysts believe Syria may have one of the largest stockpiles of chem ical weapons in the world. All the stocks of these weapons that the Syrian Arab Republic possesses are monitored and guarded by the Syrian army. These weapons are meant to be used only and strictly in the event of external aggression against the Syrian Arab Republic, Foreign Ministry spokesman Jihad Makdissi said in July. When we are talking about the substances these weapons include, we are talking about chemicals like sarin, mustard gas or VX gas which are able to kill thousands of people in few minutes or cause permanent illnesses like cancer or blindness. According to CNN’s paragraph sarin gas is an odorless nerve agent that can cause convulsions, paralysis and respiratory failure. Nerve agents are the most toxic and rapidly acting of the known chemical warfare agents. Sarin quickly evaporates from liquid to vapor form and disperse into the environment. It also mixes easily with water and can poison a water supply. VX is another nerve agent that can be lethal when inhaled. It can also be dispersed in a liquid form; even a few small drops on the skin can lead to the same effects as sarin gas. Compared with the nerve agent sarin, VX is considered to be much more toxic by entry through the skin and somewhat more toxic by inhalation, the CDC said. Mustard gas also known as sulfur mustard leaves chemical burns on the skin, eyes and even the lungs when inhaled. While mustard gas can be fatal, it also can disable victims and can cause cancer or permanent blindness. Syria promised to not use these weapons in the civil war, but will it really keep this promise? Syria’s war is now 21-month long conflict and many people aren’t so sure that these weapons will stay in their sites. Ahmet Uzumcu, director-general of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons said â€Å"For the first time in the history of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which entered into force in April 1997, there are serious concerns that chemical weapons might be used.† President’s Assad newest speech about that would begin a peace process and keep the besieged leader in power was – according to ABC news paragraph – quickly rejected by the USA president Obama. Furthermore State Department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland says Assads latest plan is detached from reality and would only allow the regime to continue its oppression of the Syrian people. Assad spoke Sunday in a rare public speech, outlining a new peace initiative that includes a national reconciliation conference and a new constitution. He ignored international demands to step down and pledged to continue the nearly two-year fight against rebels challenging his authoritarian rule. Nuland says Assad has lost all legitimacy and should step aside to allow for a political solution and a democratic transition that satisfies the Syrian people. My opinion to the actual situation is that, both USA and Syria should try to find solutions and not putting each other on side and trying to solve problems individually.

A Christian Philosophy Of Education Religion Essay

A Christian Philosophy Of Education Religion Essay In the beginning, God created man in his own image. God told man to eat of the fruit of all the trees in the garden except the one in midst of the garden, the Tree of Knowledge, lest man should surely die. The serpent convinced woman that she would not die but rather, that God knows that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened and you shall be as gods, knowing good and evil (Genesis 3:5). Since the beginning of mankind, man has sought for truth and knowledge. What is good, true, and beautiful? These questions go to the heart of our concern for educating people who posses a knowledge of reality, are ethical in their behavior, and live lives that are balanced and aesthetically harmonious (Gutek, 2005, p. 31). King Solomon, in his Book of Ecclesiastes, explores various avenues for satisfaction-power, possessions, prestige, pleasure-he finds them hollow. God moves him along the path of discovery until he finds no real meaning to life under heaven, but only in relationsh ip to God and His eternal purposes (Maxwell, 2007, p. 802). Educators confront philosophical issues on a daily basis even though they may not recognize it as such. As a Christian educator, examination of ones personal assumptions, beliefs, attitudes and values can assist one in shaping instructional methods and effective learning techniques. By understanding ones self, ones motivations, and ones view of mankind, one can better assist others in their personal quest to discover the purpose of self and ones role as a member of mankind. I attempt to identify the basis of the philosophical beliefs which contribute to the overall philosophy of education from which I function as an educator by examining the historical and philosophical foundations of education from influential philosophers such as Plato, Jefferson, Eramus, Calvin, Rousseau, and others. Worldview Why are we here? What is our purpose? What is true? How do we know? From the beginning of time man has asked these questions. My personal biblical worldview answers those questions for me based upon Holy scriptures, the laws and words of I am that I am (Exodus 3:14). The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge (Proverbs 1:7). Knowledge is knowing the facts; knowing how to use those facts is wisdom. All knowledge and wisdom comes from a higher being known as the God of the Hebrews and father of Jesus Christ. All gifts and talents come from God;  each person has different abilities to understand, receive and respond to the knowledge that God reveals to him or her. We are told,  We know that the Son of God is come and has given us an understanding that we may know him that is true and we are in him that is true, even in his son Jesus Christ (I John 5:20). I know in whom I have believed. Our universe is so massive and our God so glorious with our limited understanding we only à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦see through a glass darklyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (1 Cor. 13:12). Who was there when He laid the foundations of the earth (Job 38:4)? There exists a spiritual realm beyond our earthly eyes which exists simultaneously with ours. We truly cannot conceive the majesty and splendor that exists beyond our sense of reality. God cannot be put in a box and is far beyond anything we can comprehend. All one can know about Him is what He has outlined in His Word, which is inspired and written by the Holy Spirit. Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is a certainty and of this I am confident that He which has begun a good work in me will perform it until the day of Jesus Christ (Phil 1:6).   A Christian worldview defines my values, my actions, my time, my dreams, my life. We are created beings ; Solomon sums up existence, Fear God and keep His commandments. For this is mans all (Ecc.12:13). Epistemological Beliefs In Platos allegory of the cave, he proposes that there is a true intellectual self within and superior to the material human body. The purpose of life is to strive for knowledge of ultimate and perfect ideas, the form of the good from which all other ideas are derived (Gutek, p. 39). For Plato, an Idealist, reality is non-material or spiritual (Gutek, p.38). Plato understood that man is composed of spirit but without the Creator, his idealism was in vain; all knowledge and wisdom comes from God. Gods omniscience means that he knows all, that all knowledge, truth, wisdom, intelligence and all that there is to know, He knows. John Calvin had an intense religious conversion experience that illuminated his thought like a flash of light. This experience provided Calvin with the revelation knowledge of Divine Majesty (Gutek, p. 114). I know that I know because of a similar revelation experience which I term being zapped. While deep in prayer, a flash of light consumed my whole being for one millisecond of a second. I know that I know that the Father is, and that Jesus Christ is the light and the Truth. No man can pluck me from His hands. Metaphysical Beliefs Pestalozzi and Rousseau believed that the infant is intrinsically good (Gutek, 2005) and opposed the doctrine of innate human depravity. According to the Word of God, Man is born in a depraved state. R.C. Sproul writes, Because total depravity is so often poorly defined, let me substitute another phrase that means the same thing: radical corruption. We are depraved in the radix or root of our being, and that core depravity influences everything we do. In the fall we became radically depraved, which means that corruption pervades every area of our lives (as cited by Li, 2007). According to Plato, man can reach the ultimate truth by seeking knowledge. This knowledge may be truly called necessary, necessitating as it clearly does, the use of pure intelligence in the attainment of pure truth (Plato, 360 B.C.). Plato asserted that the truth is within each of us, and is found deeply within the recesses of the human mind or psyche (Gutek, p. 40). For Aristotle, truth is a correspondence bet ween the persons mind and external reality (Gutek, p. 54). According to Freires philosophical inclination to existentialism, reality is subjective and within the individual. Dewey, a Pragmatist, contended that truth is tentative, a warranted assertion, rather than universal, eternal and absolute (Gutek, p.342). He argued that revealed truth does not exist and that anything that can be called truth must be determined experimentally. When Pilate asked Jesus, What is truth? (John 8:38,), he was asking, What is the really real? Jesus did not reply; the question had already been answered forever. The God of scripture is truth as He tells us in Psalms 119:160, The sum of Your word is truth, and every one of Your righteous ordinances is everlasting; and, in the words of Christ himself in John 14:6, I am the way, and the truth, and the life. Animals and plants, seasons and stars were created by God for man. God blessed them and said to them, Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it; have dominion over the fish of the sea, the birds of the air and over every living creature that moves on the earth (Genesis 1:27-29). He is the first and the last. For since the creation of the world, Gods invisible qualities -his eternal power and divine nature-have been clearly seen and can be understood from what has been made, so that man is without excuse (Barker, 2009). Axiological Beliefs Good is whatever God says is good. Evil is a perversion of the truth. Wicked comes from the word wicker which means twisted. The Devil takes the truth, twists and perverts it to corrupt that which God has created for good (Barker, 2009). For Aristotle, the supreme good to which all aspire is happiness (Hummel, 1993). What is good and what is right? His Word lays out the moral foundation for mankind and exists for all people across all time. What is true, honest, just, pure, lovely, and of good reportthink upon these things (Phil 4:7). A Christian worldview asserts that the ultimate goal of man is to transform into the image of Jesus. Do not be conformed to this world: but be transformed by the renewing of your mind, that you may prove what is that good and acceptable and perfect , will of God (Romans12:2). Gods Word is the moral authority on which the universe revolves. Educational Philosophy Educational beliefs Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence, developed an educational plan based upon civic education and cultural nationalism in order to prepare people to become active and engaged citizens (Gutek, p. 180).   Mann believed that a proper civic education should teach basic principles of government, provide insights into representative institutions, and generally form good citizens (Gutek, p. 226). Calvins theology and educational philosophy stressed literacy as a tool of salvation to fulfill both religious and economic objectives (Gutek, p. 118). Calvin set up a relationship between education, religious orthodoxy, civil order, and economic prosperity (Gutek, p.116). If my people who are called by my name, will humble themselves, and pray, and seek my face, and turn from their wicked ways; then will I hear from heaven, and will forgive their sin, and will heal their land (2 Chron. 7:14). When Madelyn OHair succeeded in taking prayer out of our public schools in 1 964, our nation turned away and today we see the results.   Discipline The understanding of the emotional needs of students is an important part in a teachers discipline management plan. If we realize that the child comes to school after a night filled with violence and alcohol or drug induced behavior, we can understand why the student may scream or disrupt or refuse to participate. Often the school is the safest structured environment the child sees. Public schools have been forced to be not only the center for academic and skills training but also the basis for establishing secure human relationships for children. Carey (2007) states discipline arises through activity. When students are engaged in hands-on learning, are being successful  at meaningful tasks, and receive positive reinforcement, discipline will be minora result of kids being kids. No contrived program will eliminate disruptive behavior in the classroom without a moral foundation in the family and in a society without limits and boundaries for individual behavior. The philosophies of Rousseau and others If it feels good do it, has led to a child-centered approach that has had negative implication for classroom control. Children need boundaries in order to develop self discipline. According to Montessori, obedience is the foundation of society and civilization (as cited by Carey, 2007). For whom the LORD loves He chastens, and scourges every son whom He receives (Hebrew 12:6). If the Father of spirits corrects those He loves, then teachers, who care about their students as Pestalozzi desired, must discipline those they teach. Role of the student and teacher in the process of learning With the influence of educators like Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, and Dewey the child became the center of learning. Froebel introduced the concept of letting children grow freely as plants, according to the nature of child (Gutek, p. 266). This secular humanist child-centered role has replaced Calvinist Christian educational theory which asserts that, This book of law shall not depart from your mouth, but you meditate in it day and night that you may observe to do according to all that is written in it. For then you will make your way prosperous, and then you will have success (Joshua 1: 8). By 1985, from primary grades through college, [teachers] are reluctantly concluding that the principle means by which students may be engaged is entertainment (Claggett, 2009). Montessori asserted that children possessed an innate drive, called a divine urge that stimulates their self-activity to perform actions that promote growth and that they are eager to try and master new skills (Gutek, p. 369). According to Dewey, the childs own instincts and powers furnish the material and give the starting point for all education (Dewey, 1897). Because of the individuality of each student, the student is the driving force behind education and the most important entity in the education continuum (Bartlett, 2007). Research shows that student motivation, relevance, and engagement in the learning process promote learning. Learning is an action and is not, cannot be, fun at all times. Learning does not occur by osmosis and students must be willing to expend energy and thought processes to be successful All students can learn, but not all students learn in the same way, at the same time, and at the same intellectual level. Cognitive ability, not politically correctness, plays a major role of what a student can and will learn. Teachers must establish relevance, provide expertise, establish interest, in aspects of curriculum design and methods of teaching pertinent to establishing relevance and thereby motivating student learning (Kember, et.al., 2008 ). A loyalty to human dignity-and human possibility-is maintained when the teacher is loyal to the knowledge and/or skill being learned (Vandenberg, 2009). How does learning occur The brain is the most intricate and complex mechanism God created. Theorists such as Froebel and Rousseau realized that a child was similar to nature, like other things of Gods creation; they pass through various stages of development from a seed to an oak tree. God created the mind to learn but as a result of genetics (the sins of the fathers are passed on through generations), environment (where, when and how one lives), and physiological impairments, all students cannot learn all things. The brain is influenced by outside factors; active participation in experiences encourages brain growth; learning, playing, good nutrition contribute to learning; learning is a social activity; chemicals in the brain affect memory and learning; singing and music affect release of positive brain chemicals (Sprenger, 1999). Professional development In order to promote literacy in reading and mathematics, the NCLB act emphasizes teacher professional development based upon scientifically based research methods of instruction. Eramus believed teachers needed to be well-educated individuals and possess a commanding knowledge of their subjects (Gutek, p.103). Mann held that inadequately prepared teachers had lowered the quality of instruction (Gutek, p. 224). In the age of technology, brain research is producing new information daily on how the brain works and how it can be applied to the educational settings. Teachers must be exposed to the methods and research based strategies in order to provide the best education possible to each and very student. Curriculum In 1867, John Stuart Mill stated, In every generation, and now more rapidly than ever, the things which it is necessary that somebody should know are more and more multiplied (Mill, 1867, p.5). Since Mills time, knowledge has exploded. Vast amounts of knowledge, beyond Platos wildest imaginations, are everywhere and still the questions remain: What should be taught? Who should be taught? When should it be taught? How should it be taught?   According to Mill, the vexed question is whether general education should be classical à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ or scientific (Mill, p.4). Educational theorists from Plato to Spencer to the U.S. Office of Education have focused on these issues and we still face them today. An effort to restore disciplinary rigor to education began after WWII with the scientific systems thinking approach to learning (Rudolph, 2002). The buzzwords today are rigor and relevance in the educational circles. Yet thirty years after the analytical systems-based curriculum reform movement, Sykes states, American schools are in deep trouble, not because they lack men and women who care about children, but because they are dominated by an ideology that does not care much about learning (Sykes, 1996). According to some, we must develop more programs similar to West Springfield High School to assist students in applying technology to their needs and in making intelligent judgments about problems associated with techno logy? (Alukonis Setter, 2008).    The Greco-Roman philosophers, Confucius, the Renaissance reformers, and the utilitarian liberalists focused on education as the path to produce the perfect ideal society. Knowledge becomes a means to an end. Who can possess knowledge? Calvinism promoted reading and writing for every one which is the ultimate goal for UNESCO today. How do we teach and what do we teach?   Today a liberal arts curriculum is offered to all. According to a recent study, 63% of the work force skills today do not require a college education. What is the purpose of obtaining knowledge? What type of knowledge is needed to create the greatest good for the greatest number? Spenser promoted direct experience in the real world and individualism. Sykes contends that American students are unable to effectively compete with the rest of the industrialized world, because our schools teach less, expect less, and settle for less than do those of other countries (Sykes, p.9).    We are in an age defined by global competition, change, immediate information and communication. The pace of change has become so rapid that the skill set required is not sufficiently being met by the public schools. Basic skills such as reading, writing, and mathematics will still produce individuals who based upon their God-given talents will excel in problem-solving, critical thinking, and inventiveness necessary to sustain personal happiness and societal contribution. Collaboration Learning does not occur in isolation. An individuals ability is influenced by his environment, his background and experiences. To provide the best education possible, a school system must collaborate with parents and community to assure that each child is receiving an education that will provide the best opportunity for him or her to reach his or her highest potential. Diversity Mann, who is considered the father of Americas public education, wrote, Education, then, beyond all other devices of human origin is the great equalizer of the conditions of men-the balance wheel of the social machinery (Gutek, p.225). He believed that the school curriculum should provide the same basic knowledge and skills equally to all its students. The same basic knowledge of history, literature, science, mathematics and the arts should be provided for every child in the public schools. This basic knowledge should provide knowledge necessary for responsible citizenship, for national prosperity and development, an economic equalizer, and to instill moral and values as Mann states. . Today the reconstructionist theory screams for the multicultural curriculum for minority students who are deprived equal education of the white elite controlling class. Educators must be aware of the hidden agenda of the social reconstructionists who have as an ultimate goal, the destruction of capitalism, nationalism, Christianity and democracy as we know it. Cultural diversity and multiculturalism is a political agenda to destroy the capitalist system of the United States from within using the cries of the oppressed as the bait. Many people with cultures, languages, and skin colors other than the American mainstreams are treated as second class citizens in our schools. Christians in education need to fight racism and cultural differences: there but for the grace of God go I. Jesus tells us in Matthew 25:40, as much as you did it to one of the least of these, my brothers, you did it to me. Christian educators will embrace all students as children of God, and will provide equity and fairness in a diverse and multicultural classroom. Assessment NCLB ties public school accountability directly to federal funding and has as its goal, literacy in reading and mathematics for all children by 2014. Annual state and school district report cards inform parents and communities about state and school progress (USDE, 2003). Accountability based upon annual testing and standards for reading and math has become a major part of public schools. Various assessments techniques have been suggested other than traditional testing such as portfolios and performance assessments that focus on the demonstration of mastery of a task. Test scores alone cannot be the measure of a schools success or of a students achievement but basic knowledge and essential skills must be assessed in some manner to provide information on the success of both instruction and student ability. Teacher and student/ parent relationships Pestalozzi recognized that the affective side of human nature, emotional growth, was as important as cognitive development (Gutek, p. 162). He maintained that the educational setting must be based upon a climate of emotional security. Classroom circumstances may affect the brains chemistry in either a positive or a negative way (Sprenger, 1996). Providing a safe environment for students is the responsibility of both teachers and parents. Before learning can occur, teachers must realize the emotional needs of students affect their behavior and abilities to think cognitively. Communication with parents is the ideal way to assist teachers in creating instructional methods based upon the needs of individual students. Conclusion In mans ego-centered life, he continues to build the Tower of Babel. After 5,000 years of civilization, man has not reach utopia, nirvana, or heaven through Platos quest for knowledge, Aristotles exercise for rationality; Quintilians rhetorical goodness; the merge of Aquinass realism and Catholicism; Erasmuss Christian humanism; Calvins Evangelical Protestantism; Comeniuss vision of Pansophism; Rousseaus, Froebels, and Pestalozzis child permissiveness; nor the militant rebellious reconstructionist ideas of Dubois and Freire. Man continues to seek beyond the stars, beyond the universe but cannot and will not find the ultimate Truth nor the reason that man exists. Not until the Creator of the vessel determines to reveal the truth to the created, will man reach knowing. The earnest expectation of the creation eagerly waits for the revealing of the sons of God. For we know that the whole creation groans and labors with birth pangs together until nowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Romans 8:19-22). Aquinas asserted that a person was called to teaching in a way that was similar to the priests vocation, a call to service (Gutek, p. 88). A child is life, a gift of God. A true teacher has for his or her motivation that which will promote each individuals ability to become the person according to the perfect will that God has determined. Adequate schooling must prepare young people to act responsibly in all areas of their lives. We must work to build responsibility whenever we can to promote Gods kingdom being realized as much as possible in the here and now. This is our calling and this is our work as Christians .Christian educator must gently, lovingly, accept every student and work with their differences, needs, hang-ups, foibles, even sins-constantly modeling the high standards of the Christian life and a personal, responsible integration of faith and learning that eventually can be emulated by the student (Holtrop, 1996). Plato, a founding father of Idealism, asserted that reality is nonmaterial or spiritual. For Plato, the father of Idealism, ideas are the only true reality, the only thing worth knowing. He argues values are universal regardless of place, time, and circumstances (Gutek, p. 39). Plato believed that the search for the truth is an interior search to recall ideas latently present in our minds (Gutek, p. 40). In idealism, the aim of education is to discover and develop each individuals abilities and full moral excellence in order to better serve society. Based upon a Christian worldview, I agree with the premise of Plato that truth and reality are a spiritual quest, although I assert one can only attain the truth through the Word of God rather than from recalling knowledge from a prior existence. My spiritual convictions and views of absolute truth can be labeled as a Christian Idealist. For the Perennialist, providing knowledge of eternal truth and preparation for life is educations most important purpose. Teaching basic subjects such as history, math, science and literature provide knowledge of mans struggle and achievements. My educational philosophy may be viewed as a theist Perennialist based upon my belief that human nature never changes and ideas and truth are constant based upon Holy Scriptures (Cohen, 1999).

Review Paper on Fault Tolerance in Cloud Computing

Review Paper on Fault Tolerance in Cloud Computing A REVIEW PAPER ON FAULT TOLERANCE IN CLOUD COMPUTING Deepali Mittal Ms. Neha Agarwal Abstract— Cloud computing demand is increasing due to which it is important to provide correct services in the presence of faults also. The Resources in cloud computing can be dynamically scaled that too in a cost effective manner. Fault Tolerance is the process of finding faults and failures in a system. If a fault occurs or there is a hardware failure or software failure then also the system should work properly. Failures should be managed in a effective way for reliable Cloud Computing. It will also ensure availaibility and robustness .This paper aims to provide a better understanding of fault tolerance techniques which are used for managing faults in cloud. It also deals with some existing Fault tolerance model. Index Terms— Cloud Computing, Fault Tolerance, Dependability. I. Introduction Cloud computing is new method which can be used for representing computing model where IT services are delivered via internet technologies . These have attracted millions of users. Cloud storage not only provide us the massive computing infrastructure but also the economics of scale. Such a trend, requires assurance of the quality of data storage services which involves two concerns from both cloud users and cloud service providers: data integrity and storage efficiency. It is much more simple than internet. It is a service that allows user to access applications that actually exist at location other than user’s own computer or other devices on network. There are many benefits of this technology. For example any other company hosts user application. Cloud computing is nothing new as it uses approaches, concepts, and techniques that have already been developed. But on the other side everything is new as cloud computing changes how we invent, develop, deploy, scale, update, maintain, and pay for applications and the infrastructure on which they run. Cloud Computing is an efficient way of computing as it centralizes the storage, memory and processing. Fault tolerance has the property to assess the capability of the system to react graceciouslly to a hardware and software failure which is not expected. In assortment to attain robustness or raptness in cloud computing, failure should be determined and handled carefully.This paper will give basic knowledge about Fault tolerance Approaches.The Methods used for fault management in cloud We also study some existing fault management models which tolerates fault in cloud environment. Then figure out the best model of fault tolerance. Fault tolerance deals with all different approaches that provides robustness ,availaibility and dependability .The major use of enforcing fault tolerance in cloud computing include recovery from different hardware and software failures, reduced cost and also improves performance . Robustness is the property of providing of with an accurate service in an unwanted situation that can arise because of an unexpected system state. Dependability is something that need to be achieved.It is one of the very important aspects for cloud provider.It includes dependability as well as availability.It is related to some of the Quality of service issues delivered by the system. Fault tolerance intent to accomplish robustness and dependability in the cloud environment.Fault tolerance techniques can be classified into types depending on the policies of fault tolerance viz, Proactive Fault Tolerance : Proactive fault tolerance simple means early prediction of the problem before it actually arises. Reactive fault tolerance: This policy handles the failure. The effect of failure is reduced when the failure actually occurs. This could be further divided into two sub-procedures : 1. Error Processing 2. Flaw Treatment The first process eliminates error from the system. Fault treatment tries to prevent faults from getting reactivated . Fault tolerance is accomplished by error processing. Error Processing has two main phases. The first phase is â€Å"effective error processing† which means bringing the effective error back to a latent state and if possible it is done before occurrence of a failure.The Second Phase is â€Å"latent error processing† which aims to ensure that the error is not reactivated. II. Existing Fault Tolerance Approaches In Cloud The different techniques used for fault tolerance in cloud are : Check pointing: It is a good fault tolerance approach .It is used for applications which have a long running time. In check pointing technique , check pointing is done after each change in system state. It is useful when a task is not able to complete. It fails in the middle due to some error. Then that task is made to begin from the most recent check pointed state instead of restarting it from the beginning. Task Migration : There may be a case when a task in not able to complete on the assigned specific virtual machine . When this type of task failure occurs then that task could be moved other machine. This can be performed by using HA-Proxy. Replication: Replication simply means copying. The replica of tasks is executed on distinct resources if the original instance af task fails.It is done to get the actual required result. Replication can be implemented by using various tools. Some of the tools are Hadoop , HA Proxy or Amazon EC2. Self- Healing : A big task can divided into parts .This division is done for better performance. It results in creation of variant application instance.The instances run on distinct virtual machines.In this way automated failure management is done for instances. Safety bag checks: This strategy is quite simple. It blocks the command which does not met the requirements for safe execution or proper working of machine. S-Guard : It is a stream Processing techniques.It makes available more resources. It use the mechanism of Rollback recovery. Check Pointing is done Asynchronously. It is used for distributed environment. S-Guard is performed using Hadoop or Amazon EC2. Retry : A task is made to execute repeatedly .This approach try to re execute the failed job on same machine . Task Resubmission : A task failure can make the complete job also fail. So when a failed task is identified ,it should be submitted to same or either distinct resource for reexecution. Time checker : Time checker is a supervised technique. A watch dog is used. It consider Critical time function. Rescue workflow : This strategy is used for Fault tolerance in workflow execution. Reconfiguration: The configuration of the system is changed in this technique.The faulty component is removed. Resource Co-allocation: It increases the availability of resources. It takes care of multiple resources. Resource allocation is done to complete the execution of task. III. Fault Tolerance Models Various Fault Tolerance Models are designed using these techniques. These techniques are combined with one another and then applied or simply used individually. Some of Existent fault tolerance models are : â€Å"AFTRC A Fault Tolerance Model for Real Time Cloud Computing† is designed by keeping the fact in mind that real time systems have good computation. These systems are also scalable and make use of virtualization techniques which helps in excuting real time applications more effectively.This model is designed by considering the dependability issue. The model make use of proactive fault strategy and predicts the faulty nodes. â€Å"LLFT Low Latency Fault Tolerance † act as a middleware for tolerating faults. It is useful for distributed application which are running in cloud. In this model fault tolerance is provided like a service by cloud providers. Applications are replicated by middleware. In this way replication helps in handling of faults for different applications. â€Å"FTWS Fault Tolerant WorkFlow Scheduling† is a model based on replication approach. It also makes use of resubmission technique. A metric is maintained for checking the priority of tasks and they are submitted accordingly. The principle of workflow is used in this model. Workflow means a series of task executed orderly. Data dependency decides the order. Fault management is done while the workflow is scheduled. â€Å"FTM† is one of the most flexible model. It delivers fault tolerance as on demand service. The user has a advantage that without having known the working of model ,they can specify the required fault tolerance. It is mainly designed for dependability issues. It consists of various components. Each component has its own functionality. †Candy† is component base availability modeling frame work. It is mainly designed for availaibility issues. System modelling language is used to construct a model from specifications. This is done semi automatically. â€Å"Vega-warden† is a uniform user management system. It creates global work space for variant applications and distinct infrastructure.This model is constructed for virtual cluster base cloud computing environment to overcome the 2 problems: usability and security which arise from sharing of infrastructure. â€Å"FT-Cloud† has a mechanism of automatic detection of faults.It makes use of frequency for finding out the component. â€Å"Magi-Cube† is a kind of architecture for computing in cloud environment.It is designed for dependability,expenditure and performance issues.All three issues are related to storage.This architecture provides highly reliable and less redundant storage. This storage system is done for metadata handling.It also handles file read and write. IV. Fault Tolerant Model for Dependable Cloud Computing Fault Tolerant Model for dependable cloud computing is a model designed for dealing with failures in cloud . As we all know Cloud Computing Environment is made up of virtual machines or you can say nodes. The applications run on these nodes. Using this model faulty nodes are detected and replaced by correctly performing nodes. This is done for real applications. Now on what criteria the model can decide a node to be faulty ? There can be various parameters for detecting faulty node but this model makes use of dependability or dependability measurement. The criteria could be changed according to user’s requirement. A. Working of Model The model is designed for X virtual machines. X distinct algorithms run on the X nodes. Input buffer feeds the data to nodes. The input data is then moved onwards to all the nodes simultaneously. When the node gets the input it starts its operation. It performs some functions as designed or stated by the algorithm . In other words , the algorithm runs on nodes and gives a result .The Funtioning of every module is different. Accepter Module This module tests the nodes for correct result. It verifies the result of algorithms. If the result is faultless or as required then the result is forwarded further for evaluation of dependability.The appropriate result is sent to timer module. The inappropriate result is not forwarded instead signal is sent. Timer Module This module has a timer set for every node .It checks the time of result.If the result is generated before the time set or within that assigned time the only it forwards the result. Dependability Assessor This module is responsible for checking of dependability of nodes. At the starting of system the dependability for each node is set to it maximum that is cent percent. When computations are performed the dependability of nodes dynamically changes.The dependability is decided on the basis of time and correctness of result. Dependability increases if the result is accurate and on time. The highest and lowest limit of dependability is set in the beginning. The node with dependability value less than the lowest dependability is replaced. It also sends a message to resource manager. The result of dependability assesers forwards the results to descision maker module. Decision Maker It gets the result from dependability assessors. A selection of node is done from all perfect nodes. The node which has the maximum dependability is selected. It makes the comparison between the dependability level of nodes and system dependability. System dependability is important to be attained by a node. In case all the node fails to achieve the system dependability then a failure notification is issued. A failure notification means that all the nodes have failed for this computation cycle. Now backward recovery is done using check points .Decision maker also asks the resource manager to replace the node with lowest dependability with the new one. Check Pointing Check Pointing saves the state of system. It is done at regular small intervals. It is helpful in a scenario when a system fails completely. The strategy helps in automatic recovery form the check pointer state. This automatic recovery is done only when all the nodes fails. The system continues to work properly with rest of the nodes. Fig .1.Fault Tolerant Model For Dependable Cloud Computing B. Mechanism Of the Model Dependability Assessment Algorithm Begin Initially dependability:=1, n :=1 Input from configuration RF, maxDependability, minDependability Input nodestatus if nodeStatus =Pass then dependability := dependability + (dependability * RF) if n > 1 then := n-1; else if processing node Status = Fail then dependability: = dependability – (dependability * RF * n) n: = n+1; if dependability >= max Dependability then Dependability: = max Dependability if dependability Call Add new node ( ); End Decision Mechanism Algorithm Begin Initially dependability:=1, n :=1 Input from RA nodeDependability, numCandNodes Input from configuration SRL bestDependability := find_dependability of node with highest dependability if bestDependability >= SRL status := success else perform_backward_recovery call_proc: remove_node_minDependability call_proc: add_new_node End C. Result In the first cycle, both VirtualMacine-1 and VirtualMachine-3 have the same dependability, but the result of VM-1 has been selected as it has a lower IP address. VM-3 output was selected by DM from cycle 2 to 4, as it has the highest dependability among competing virtual machines. In cycle 5 VirtualMachine-3 still has the highest dependability, but it is not selected. Because its result was not passed by AT and TC, so consequently, it was not among competing virtual machines. TABLE I : Result v. Conclusion and future work Tolerance of faults makes an important problem in the scope of environments of cloud computing. Fault tolerance method activates when a fault enters the boundaries i.e theoretically these strategies are implemented for detecting the failures and make an appropriate action before failures are about to occur. I have looked after the need of fault tolerance with its various methods for implementing fault tolerance. Various called models for fault tolerance are discussed .In the present scene, there are number of models which provide different mechanisms to improve the system. But still there are number of problems which requires some concern for every frame work. There are some drawbacks non of them can full fill the all expected aspects of faults. So might be there is a possibility to carried over the drawbacks of all previous models and try to make a appropriate model which can cover maximum fault tolerance aspect. References AnjuBala, InderveerChana,† Fault Tolerance- Challenges, Techniques and Implementation in Cloud Computing† IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 9, Issue 1, No 1, January 2012 ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org Sheheryar MalikandFabriceHuet â€Å"Adaptive Fault Tolerance in Real Time Cloud Computing† 2011 IEEE World Congress on Service Ravi Jhawar, Vincenzo Piuri, Marco Santambrogio,† A Comprehensive Conceptual System-Level Approach to Fault Tolerance in Cloud Computing†, 2012 IEEE, DOI 10.1109/SysCon.2012.6189503 P. Mell, T. Grance. The NISTdefinition of cloud computing. Technical report, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2009. Wenbing Zhao, Melliar-Smith, and P. M. Moser, â€Å"Fault tolerance middleware for cloud computing,† in 3rd International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD 2010). Miami, FL, USA, 2010. R. Jhawar, V. Piuri, and M. D. Santambrogio, â€Å"A comprehensive conceptual system level approach to fault tolerance in cloud computing,† in Proc. IEEE Int. Syst. Conf., Mar. 2012, pp. 1–5. M. Castro and B. Liskov, â€Å"Practical Byzantine fault tolerance,† in Proc.3rd Symp. Operating Syst. Design Implementation, 1999, pp. 173–186.

Philosophies Of Socrates, Plato, And Aristotle :: essays research papers

Philosophies of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle The philosophies of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle had different points of-view but they were also similar in some ways. For example, all three philosophers had their own thoughts on the subject of justice and government. Socrates belief on this matter was that democracy was an unwise form of government. He thought that the electing of the people was unfair justice. Plato had some of the same beliefs. He believed that government should only have rulers who had the intelligence and education appropriate for the matter. His thoughts were that a job should be done only by those who are best suited for it. To him aristocracy was a perfect form of government. The point of Socrate's philosophies were to make people think about the questions he would often ask. The reason for these questions being asked were to have people to their own thoughts and opinions toward life. He did not think a person with the right mind should follow the steps of their ancestors. Instead of going around asking questions, Plato, another philosopher, would write his own conversations with imaginerary people. These conversations would cover much of the same topics that Socrates had tried to cover earlier. These topics mostly dealt with life such as government, opinions toward justice and how people really viewed education. Aristotle also had his own theories towards his belief of the "right government". He wanted his results to show happiness among the people. He'd mainly collect information from studying living creatures and observing their living habits. He would do this so that he could see what brought them happiness. His opinion toward life was that all people should live a fair and happy life. After many attempts of forming the perfect government , his facts allowed him to believe that a perfect government could be formed only by those who have a middle class. The middle class would consist of those who were not rich yet not poor. Both Aristotle and Plato had different thoughts on the division of the government. Aristotle claimed to believe that a government should consist of many classes for the protection of the people and the state.

John Donnes The Indifference :: Poets, Poetry, Prose

John Donne's "The Indifference" is a love poem that can be interpreted in a number of ways. Not only is the meaning of the text debatable, but the audience for which the poem was intended can be argued as well. The language Donne uses leaves room for the reader's imagination and intellect to take over and decide to whom he is talking and why. The author is writing to a specific audience for a specific reason, trying to convey his point through his verse. While not all people agree as to whom this poem is intended for or whom the speaker is actually talking to, I have a good understanding as to what Donne is trying to accomplish by writing "The Indifference" and whom the voice of the piece is actually talking to. The interpretation that I found to be most convincing is that he is speaking to a woman, who is by herself, and he is letting her know what kind of qualities (or lack there of) he is looking for. He is giving a disclaimer to her on the type of person he is and how he views relationships so she knows what she's getting herself into. The first stanza starts off with the speaker listing opposite character types. All of the types listed refer to different types of women, "Her whom the county formed, and whom the town" and "Her who still weeps with spongy eyes, / And her who is dry cork, and never cries". The speaker is not referring to one type of woman in particular, but to all women in general. He is telling the woman that he is addressing know just how many different types of woman he can or will potentially be interested in. Another interesting aspect of the first stanza is Donne's wording at the beginning of each line. He starts each with either "I can love" or "Her who". This is his passive way of informing the reader as to what type of woman he can and wants to love: any woman who is alive and willing to take a chance on him. It is not until the final two lines of the stanza that he actually puts any requirements as to what kind of a woman he specifically wants, "I can love her, and her, and you and you, / I can love any, so she be not true".

Lrc Paper

1. What are the three ways that students may receive counseling services through the LRC? You can receive counseling from the student center in three different ways- over the phone, in person and online through their online counseling center. 2. What heading are the Health Tools and Health Challenges found under? Health tool and Health challenges can be located under the â€Å"Thriving† heading. 3. Where is the Assess Your Health tool located?To access â€Å"Assess Your Health† tool you go to thriving, then to health tool and assess health tool is located to the right of the page. 4. What are the five categories on the Live Healthy Page? The five categories are How healthy are you, lifestyle change, physical fitness, prevention and screening and lastly tips for healthy living. 5. Where can resources and articles about good nutrition be found on the LRC? Information about good nutrition can be found under healthy eating located in the thriving tab. . What are three of th e health topics that can be found on the LRC? There are many health topics on LRC but three of them are â€Å"action items to lower your blood pressure, action steps for sun protection, and kids in action. 7. What are two categories found under the Medical Care heading? Two categories found under medical care heading our medical and dental care. 8. Where on the LRC would a person find information on addiction and recovery?To find information on addiction and recovery you would go to the Balancing tab and it will be located at the very bottom labeled â€Å"Addiction and Recovery†. 9. Where on the LRC would a person find information about health issues related to aging? You would locate the aging tab and then select Health and there is a lot of information related to health and aging. 10. What are three psychosocial health topics that are available on the LRC? Under balancing and relationships there’s many categories that cover psychosocial health like friendships, rela tionships and divorce.

Female Reproductive System of Pheretima Posthuma

Female reproductive system of earthworm- It consists of following parts: 1. Ovary 2. Oviducal funnel 3. Oviducts 4. Female genital aperture 5. Spermathaceae 1. Ovary- They are the white lobed structures which are present in the intersegment of 12/13. They consist of ova secreting cells. The ova are usually generated by the process of oogenesis. They are generally arranged on the basis of maturation. The matured ones are contained in the distal end whereas the immature ones are concentrated in the proximal end. 2.Oviducal funnel- A pair of funnel-like structure is present beneath the ovary in the 13th segment. They are the ciliated structures which allow the ova to be passed through a pair of tubular structures called oviducts. The regular beating of cilia helps to collect the ova inside it. 3. Oviducts- The ovducal funnel leads to a narrow pair of tubular structures called oviducts. They are internally ciliated and allows the ova to pass through it. These pair of oviducts run ventral ly to meet at the 14th segment where it forms the female genital aperture. . Female genital aperture- They are the mid- ventrally located apertures in the 14th segment of the earthworm. Through these apertures, the ova which are passing through the oviducts are passed during the cocoon formation. 5. Spermathatheceae- There are four pairs of spermatheca located ventro- laterally in the 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th segments. There openings are located in the intersegments of 6/7, 7/8 8/9 and 9/10. They are the sites for reserving the sperms during the copulation phase.The male genital aperture and the spermatheceae get fused during copulation where the sperms from the male genital pore are transferred to spremathaceae. Structurally the spermathaceae consists of a pear-shaped ampulla, a neck and a nose- like outgrowth called diverticulum. In Pheretima, the sperms are stored in the diverticulum and the nourishment is provided by the ampulla. Unlikely in other earthworms, they are stored in the ampulla itself. Fig. Reproductive system of Pheretima posthuma Fig. OvaryFig. Spermathaceae

Education Systems in Australia and in the Philippines Essay

Education is the process by which a person gains knowledge. It is considered as one of the essential needs for human survival, that is why most countries’ future depends on educating its people. The financial/economical issues and traditions lead countries to different educational routes. Although Australia and the Philippines may have some similarities, both countries’ education systems differ in many ways. What makes the primary difference is that the Philippine government do not have as much funds and budget as Australia do. Australia being one of the leading countries with high economy can provide a free, high standard and accessible education for its citizens. On the other hand, countries in the third-world country, the Philippines for example, can only provide a low budget for education although the Department of Education receives the biggest budget allocation from the government funds. As a result, not everyone in this country is able to study due to geographical, financial or social barriers. For example, a child living in a remote area might have to cross the river, the other side of the mountain or walk a few kilometres just to be able to learn. A typical public school in overcrowded areas or provinces may also include a classroom with fifty students sharing with at least a book. These situations happen everyday, but not in a wealthy country like Australia. This great deprivation leads to the very high regard of Filipinos for education. Another difference is the structure of the education system. In Australia, it is a compulsory education of seven years in primary school and five years in high school. On the other hand, the new K-twelve programme in the Philippines adds two more years for the senior high school, which now becomes similar to Australia’s system. The former system consists of six years in grade school and four years in high school. Although Australia has longer years of schooling, students from both countries start and finish at the same age. This is because the school year in the Philippines is from  June to March/April while Australian schools operates from February to December. Both school years are divided into two semesters, except Philippine schools do not have holidays in between of terms. Filipino students spend longer hours at school than Australians; a minimum of eight hours compared to Australia’s six hours per day. Although both education systems open schools from Monday to Friday, Philippine schools may have Saturday make-up classes for the suspension of classes due to typhoons, heavy rain or local feasts. Like the structure, curriculums from both countries also have a number of similarities and differences. Australian students are able to choose their own subjects while Filipinos are not. However, both countries cover almost the same subjects such as English, Maths, Science, Social Studies, Arts and Technology and Enterprise. While the Australian curriculum involves a lot of Sports, the Philippines have Character and Values instead. In addition, all graduating Filipino high school students are also required to pass their Citizen Army Training that covers after school sessions too. Like Australia, Philippine schools also offer special programmes for certain students. In addition to public schools, religious, foreign-ethnic, laboratory and science schools are also provided in the Philippines. In Australia, private schools are mostly religion-based, some maybe all boys/girl or mixed. Both systems have English as their medium of instruction; in fact, there are only around two to four subjects out of nine that are translated to the Filipino dialect! In contrast with a number of differences, exams are more likely to be similar. Philippine National Achievement Test is taken by grade school to high school students in a particular level, which is equivalent to the NAPLAN test from the Australian curriculum. Philippine National College Entrance Examination is also in the same manner with the Australian Tertiary Admission Rank, which both determines the student’s competency for College/University and is not compulsory for those who only want to take a Vocational Career or a TAFE Pathway. After the completion of Primary and High School, students from both countries receive a Diploma or a Graduation Certificate, which is a prerequisite and prior to taking Tertiary levels. Other differences in Australian and Philippine schools are rules and policies. Like any other Asian-cultured countries, Philippine schools control the discipline of their students much more than Western school does. In the Philippines, it has been a practice that every morning we have our morning assemblies that consists of a prayer, followed by the national anthem, pledge to the flag, and morning exercises. Late or offending students are to be sent to detention or a yard-duty in both systems. Another example regards the uniform code. Both are almost the same except Filipino schools do not allow shorts or really short skirts for girls. Filipino boys are also required to maintain a clean cut otherwise they will have their hair cut off during a random check. Philippine schools use Identification Cards, usually includes the ID number and personal information of the student to prevent trespassing and skipping, which is not really necessary for schools in Australia. Given these points, it is clear that a country’s education system depends on the their resources, traditions and economy. Some practices of a country might work well for them but not for others. It helps us realise that education is essential and fundamental to every person of every nation. The Philippines may have a better focus on the concern of not only educating the students academically but also to shape up their morality through disciplinary acts whereas Australia devotes to the idea of individualism. Education systems in Australia and the Philippines do not only consist of entirely different perspectives but also share a number of similarities. What matters most is the country’s effort to provide education for its children in the highest form possible. BIBLIOGRAPHY: (ONLINE SOURCES) En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Western_Australia En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines www.gov.ph/k-12 www.i-nerdy.com/inerdy-philippines2.htm

Zombie

The Cranberries provides the right qualities for the 60 minutes segment on investigation of the power of public protest. The combination of a strong message, powerful lyrics and visually dramatic video clip creates a public protest masterpiece. The AIR ceasefire of 1994 can be attributed to the success of public protest mounted by The Cranberries in their song Zombie'. Over thousands of years, music has been a part of human culture and been used to convey different messages.Music has the power to Inspire, unify and galvanism people into action. It can be used as a form of public protest to raise awareness of the issue to the general public and create a worldwide movement for a solution. This is demonstrated in the song Zombies' by the band The Cranberries, creating a public protest song about the reciprocal acts of violence between the AIR and the British Army. ‘Zombie' is centrally about Irish society normalizing war and young children losing their Innocence due to the Intense violence.In Ireland, violence was accepted as normal and a part of everyday life, this caused young children to become asininities about violence and its usage in ‘normal' life. Irish children lived a generational perpetuated war, for decades. The Irish Republican Army or AIR committed reciprocally motivated acts of terrorism directed against the British control of Northern Ireland. Zombie' makes the point that the boundaries between war and normal life are confused and ambiguous. This blurring created the atmosphere for accepting and excusing the war.The song ‘Zombies' uses very strong and powerful lyrics to describe the situation of violence in Ireland. With their tanks ND their bombs, and their bombs and their guns' refers to the environment which the Irish people lived in and the lead singer strongly stresses key words like tanks', ‘bombs' and ‘guns'. The message of ‘nothing has changed' is common throughout the song's lyrics, ‘It's the same old theme since 1916' which is a direct historical reference to the 1916 Easter Rising of the RIB (later known as the AIR) and explains the length of time the violence has been effecting Irish society.The lyrics show how the Irish people distance themselves from the violence by saying ‘but you see, it's not me, it's tot my family, they are implicitly denying the conflict and violence. The Juxtaposition and cross cutting between black and white shots of children playing and soldiers creates ambiguity between play and war. The strength of the message to the audience is enhanced by the pace at which the shots are screened in synchronization with the tempo of the music and lyrics. The gold symbolism Is visually dramatic which creates a paradox by contrast to the other bleak Images.Dramatic images are created with Dolores Ordinary against the cross, which is a preference to the 1 916 Easter Rising of the RIB. The singer is completely encrusted in gold and surrounded by golden nymph like figures which invites multiple references to Greek Mythology. The gold represents Justice, power, strength, purity and value. These visual messages add complexity and remove the viewer from the immediate clip and instant recognition by the public, therefore it would be an excellent choice for the 60 minutes special on the power of public protest. The Cranberries hit song ‘Zombies' has become an anthem for the worldwide peace movement.

Proposal for Gender Affirmative Action in Europe

When applying for a Job but also to the university, Judging does not have to be only based on your skills, work experience, studies, grades but it can be largely affected also by your gender or race. The proper term for such an action is, â€Å"affirmative action† or â€Å"positive discrimination†. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, affirmative action can be defined as, â€Å"positive steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education and business from which they have been historically excluded.Recently, there has been a great deal of discussion related to the proposal of European Commissioner for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship Mrs. Viviane Reding. The proposal was on improving the gender balance among non-executive directors of companies listed on stock exchanges. Furthermore, proposal should ensure that by 2020, at least 40% of women should be represented on supervisory boards and board s of companies with more than 250 employees. According the collected statistics by European Commission, â€Å"women only make up to 15% of non-executive boards and 8,9% of executive boards.First country in EIJ that came with this idea and implemented it was Norway in 2003. However, is such a proposal ethical? On one side, according to Viviane Reding, a glass ceiling still remains and blocks female talent from top positions. On the other side, positive discrimination, (artificially created) of any kind will always lead into reverse discrimination. Also, it violates one of the basic business concepts, speaking that this proposal restricts ownership of shareholders of the companies who have invested their capital.They are not allowed to fully choose their representatives (non- xecutives, executives, management) by their most rational choice. If the shareholders have to take into account other criteria beside the ability of the best representation of the executives and directors, in th is case, they have to decide upon gender. Then, the representation may be at the expense of effectiveness and managing the company which in turn goes to an expense of profits. Another points of view may be taken from the philosophical side. Utilitarian theory can be stated that an action should be based on the outcomes.Firstly, some may say women enhance diversity in the companies. Secondly, having diverse environment may be a key factor for advancements or successful achievements of a company. Lastly, the ultimate end result which could be in a form of disappearance of gender glass ceiling. Looking at the affirmative action through these points, mention outcomes have clearly positive sides. The utilitarian theory can be similarly stated in terms that it tries to maximize happiness and reduce suffering. In such a statement, some cons may appear as well.When applying for the position that is affected by the quotas, more men may be pplied than women and even if the skills of both gend ers would be comparable, in order to fulfill the quotas more/or even only women would be accepted than men. In such a case, majority is harmed and thus it does not maximize the happiness. Not having freedom of choice based on the skills harms majority again, this time the majority is represented by the shareholders and stakeholders and again, it is based on the theory, that the representation of the company will not be chosen in the best possible way, but in order to fulfill the restrictions..Though, these points of view are nly hypothetical. Another well known philosophical theory which may be applied to this topic is Kantian theory. In principle, it states that in order to determine whether or not an action is good or ethical, we should imagine it as a universal law and determine whether or not that would be detrimental or good. Theoretically, such an affirmative action becoming a universal law would not lead into happiness of majority in society. Creating the quotas/regulations i s not solving the problem, it is critical to rather change the approach to women at the workplace.For instance, by using different tools to support the efforts to balance professional life and personal life which allow women to use their education and skills without a need to resign as mother and come to the decision between family and career. In conclusion, European Commissioner Viviane Reding with her proposal met certain supporters particularly in European Commission, but many opponents have argued as well, thus the proposal was postponed for now. I stand up in the opponents side against this proposal as almost any kind of affirmative action leads into reverse discrimination.